Educational Instruments

Product Details:

 

• Measures current down to 1pA

• All solid state and IC design

• Very low offset current

This is a very versatile multipurpose equipment for the measurement of low dc currents. It has 6 decade ranges with 100% over-ranging from 10-9A to 10-4A. For the ease, readings are directly obtained on a 3½ digit DPM. The instrument uses a well designed precision FET input electrometer operational amplifier AD549, which offers the lowest input bias currents (50fA with ±5V supplies) available in any standard operational amplifier. The excellent characteristics of AD549, ultra low bias current, low offset voltage, low drift and low noise have been fully utilized to obtain best results in the present picoammeter. The first operational amplifier AD549 is used in low level current to voltage configuration and the output has been directly read on a 3½ digit panel meter. The instrument is capable of accepting either polarity of the input current. Well regulated power supplies are incorporated to use the instrument upto 10% changes in a.c. main’s voltage.

Applications

Current from Photomultiplier tubes,

Photometers etc.

Leakage currents in solid state

devices.

FET gate and tube grid-voltage

without loading errors

Current through very high resistance’s

in conjunction with a power

supply

Potentials across semiconductors,

piezoelectric system & pH/plon

sensitive electrodes

Electrical conductivity of air

Very low current oxygen sensors

Specifications

Multiplier X1, X10, X102, X103, X104, X105

Accuracy 0.2% for all ranges

Resolution 1pA, 10pA, 100pA, 1nA, 10nA, 100nA

Input Resistance 2.5KW, 0.25KW, 25W, 2.5W, 0.25W, 0.025W

Display 3½ digit 7 segment LED (12.5mm height) with auto polarity

Input Through amphenol connector

Power Supply 220V ±10%, 50Hz

Weight 2.5Kg

Dimensions 240mm X 275mm X 120mm

 

Product Details:

·         Measures current down to 100pA

·         All solid state and IC design

·         Accepts either polarity of input current

Digital Nanoammeter, DNM-121, a rugged and low cost instrument, is a product of extensive R&D using high input impedance integrated circuits. It has 4 decade ranges with 100% overranging. The unit is suitable for current measurement in the range of 100pA to 200μA. For the ease, readings are directly obtained on a 3½ digit DPM. The instrument is capable of accepting either polarity of the input current. The very low leakage current of the input stage combined with the high linearity fast response due to high negative feedback enables accurate and easily reproducible measurements. The instrument uses a FET input operational amplifier that offers the very low input bias current, low offset voltage, low drift and noise. These characteristics have been fully utilized in the present Nanoammeter. This operational amplifier is used in low level current to voltage configuration.

Applications

·         To measure current from photomultiplier tubes, photometer etc.

·         Leakage currents in solid state devices. FET gate and tube grid voltages without loading errors.

·         Current through very high resistance in conjunction with a power supply.

·         Potentials across semiconductors, piezoelectric systems & pH electrodes.

Specifications

Range 100nA, 1μA, 10μA, 100μA with 100% over-ranging

Accuracy 0.2% for all ranges

Resolution 0.1nA

Input Resistance 25W, 2.5W, 0.25W, 0.025W

Display 3½ digit 7 segment LED (12.5mm height) with auto polarity and decimal indication

Input Through amphenol connector

Power Supply 220V±10%, 50Hz

Weight 2.5Kg

Dimensions 240mm X 275mm X 120mm

Product Details:

Digital Microvoltmeter

Very low temperature drift

Low dc input bias current-10pA

Measures voltage down to 1μV

Automatic polarity indication

Built-in polarity indication

Recorder facility (optional)

Introduction

Digital Microvoltmeter, DMV-001 is a very

versatile multipurpose instrument for the

measurement of low dc voltage. It has 5 decade

ranges from 1mV to 10V with 100% overranging.

For better accuracy and convenience,

readings are directly obtained on 3½ digit DPM

(Digital Panel Meter). This instrument uses a

very well designed chopper stabilized IC

ampli er. This ampli er offers exceptionally low

offset voltage and input bias parameters,

combined with excellent speed characteristics.

Filter circuit is provided to reduce the line

pickups of 50Hz. All internal power supplies are

IC regulated.

Applications

·        DC voltage measurements from high impedance sources; output of

photomultiplier tubes, photo cells, radiation detector etc.

·        Very low voltage measurement, direct measurement of

thermocouple output to read temperatures with a resolution of

1/40th of a degree (Chromel-Alumel).

·        General purpose laboratory instrument for voltages upto

19.99VDC. (Hall Effect, Four Probe, Thermoluminescence, Transistor and Diode characteristics etc.).

Specification

Range : 1mV, 10mV, 100mV, 1V & 10V with 100%

over-ranging.

Resolution : 1μV

Accuracy : ±0.2% ±1 digit

Stability : Within ±1 digit

Input Impedance : >1000MW (10MW on 10V range)

Display : 3½ digit, 7 segment LED with autopolarity and

decimal indication

Interfacing : USB (in DMV-001-C2 only)

Software : DACC and CAMM, both Window compatible

Power Supply : 220V ±10%, 50Hz

Weight : 2.5Kg

Dimensions : 245mm X 280mm X 120mm

Product Details:

It is an essential device for any precision study of the mandible.

It also helps to assess:

• By its horizontal scales, the length of the horizontal branch
• By its vertical scales, the height of the ramus
• By its rapporteur, the angle of the two branches

Additional Information:

• Delivery Time: 1 week

Product Details:

Product Description

“RAI” MODEL:-55X-DMB Decade Megohm Box has been designed for the Testing and calibration of insulation testers at voltages of up to 5000V DC, the MODEL:-55X-DMB high resistance decade boxes provides up to 8 decades. These decade resistance boxes are housed in Pelican (USA) Black Color portable box with carrying handles to provide an ideal solution to on-site and laboratory calibration of high resistance insulation testers, Meggers, Insulation Bridges, Megohm Meters, Digital Meters and components comparison. The resistance range is offered from 100K ohm to 10 Teraohm distributed over Eight Decades.

Features:-

• Excellent reproducibility for efficient calibration.
• Good engineering characteristics.
• Pelican(USA) Black Color portable box with carrying handles.
• Resistance calibration standards
• Smooth & Rugged switches
• Very high grade resistors employed.
• Hermetically sealed

Specification, Accuracy & Related Parameters:-

You can choose any range of decade dial.

Product Details:

Product Specification

Product Details:

Probes Arrangement

Three probe arrangements are provided with the setup. For solids, two different size arrangements are given, one for 10mm sample pellets and the other for 50mm sample pellets. Both consist of parallel plates set in insulated medium. Sturdy parallel wire lead is used to minimize external disturbance.

For liquids a separate arrangement is provided consisting of two polished brass cylinders fixed coaxially with insulating gaskets at the two ends. These gaskets have holes, in the lower one for allowing the experimental liquid to flow in between the cylinders, and in the upper one for communication with the atmosphere. This arrangement is mounted vertically and can be moved up and down with a rack-and-pinion set-up. It is put in a vessel containing the experimental liquid. The outer surface of the outer cylinder has a vertical scale to measure the height of the liquid within the cylinders. Proper leads are provided for connection to the Capacitance Meter.

Samples

Glass, Bakelite, Teflon, PZT Sample (Lead Titanate), Carbon Tetrachloride Liquid

Digital Capacitance Meter

This is a compact direct reading microcontroller based high resolution instrument for the measurement of capacitance of the sample.

SPECIFICATIONS

Range :    0pf – 50mf

Resolution    : 0.01pf

Display :    16 x 2 LCD display with back light

Accuracy       : Better than 1%

Zero Setting :    Push button zero setting

Product Details:

Description of the Experiment Set-up

Probes Arrangement

It has two individually spring loaded probes. The probes arrangement is mounted in a suitable stand of high quality alumina which also holds the sample plate. To ensure the correct measurement of sample temperature, the thermocouple junction is embedded in the sample plate just below the sample. This stand also serves as the lid of temperature controlled oven.

Proper leads are provided for connection to Capacitance Meter and Temperature Controller

Sample

Modified lead titanate (test sample)

Oven

This is a high quality temperature controlled oven. The

heating element used is a high grade Kanthal-D. It is

cover. Further the top portion is also suitably covered

to meet the safety standard. The oven has been

designed for fast heating and cooling rates, which

enhances the effectiveness of the controller.

Main Units

The Set-up consists of two units housed in the same cabinet.

(i) Temperature Controller

It is a high quality PID controller where the temperatures can be

set and controlled easily. P, I and D can be adjusted by the user

and can also be kept on Auto-tuning.

Specification

Temperature Range Ambient to 600° C

Power Supply 100-240VAC; 50/60Hz

Display Method 7 Segment LED display [Processing value (PV)

:Red, Setting value (SV) :Green]

Input Sensor Thermocouple (Chromel - Alumel)

Control Method PID, ON/OFF Control, P, PI, PD, PIDF, PIDS

Display Accuracy ± 0.3%

Setting Type Setting by front push bottons

Proportional Band (P) 0 to 100.0%

Integral Time (I) 0 to 3600 Sec

Derivative Time (D) 0 to 3600 Sec

Sampling Time 0 to 120 Sec

Sampling Time 0.5 Sec

Setting (P, I & D) Manual / Auto

Digital Capacitance Meter

It is a handheld instrument, mounted in a cabinet for convenience, It uses CMOS double level A/D convertor that is automatic in

zeroing and polar selection.

Features

·        LCD Display

·        Data - Hold Switch (HOLD)

·        Cx+, Cx - Input Jack

·        Back Light Button Switch

·        Rotary Switch: Use this switch to select functions and ranges

·        Wide measuring range, covering 9 measuring sections from 0.1pf to 20,000μF that includes nominal value of any capacitance

Power: One 9V battery

Product Details:

 

• Mag. Field Measurement

• Excellent Linearity

• IC Controlled Circuit

• Excellent Stability

DGM-102 operates on the principle of Hall Effect in Semiconductors. A semiconductor carrying current develops and electromotive force, when placed in a magnetic field, in a direction perpendicular to the direction of both electric current and magnetic field. The magnitude of this e.m.f. is proportional to the field intensity, if the current is kept constant. This e.m.f. is called the Hall Voltage. The small Hall Voltage is amplified through a high stability amplifier so that a millivoltmeter connected at the output of the amplifier can be calibrated directly in magnetic field unit (gauss).

Applications

Wide application in industry where accurate measurements of magnetic

field is required. Measurement of steady magnetic field e.g. in loud speakers, dynamos, moving coil instruments etc. Useful in laboratory experiments

involving electromagnets.

Specifications

Range 0-2KG & 0-20KG

Resolution 1G at 0-2KG range

Accuracy ±0.5%

Temperature Upto 50oC

Display 3½ digit, 7 segment LED DPM with auto polarity and over flow indication

Power 220V ±10%, 50Hz

Transducer Hall Probe – InAs

Special Feature Indicate the direction of the magnetic field

Weight 3Kg

Dimensions 280mm X 255mm X 120mm

 

Product Details:

Product DescriptionWe are instrumental in manufacturing, trading, exporting, supplying and distributing Noise Dosimeter that find a major application in perform OSHA and IEC noise accumulation surveys. Manufactured in compliance with the predefined industry guidelines, these supreme functionality and easy to use dosimeters are highly popular.

Features:

• Reliable performance
• Tough construction
• Efficient

Product Details:

Four Probe Method

Resistivity of Semiconductor by Four Probe Method at different temperatures

and determination of the Band-gap

The Four Probe Method is one of the standard and most widely used method for the measurement of resistivity of semiconductors. The experimental arrangement is illustrated. In its useful form, the four probes are collinear. The error due to contact resistance, which is specially serious in the electrical measurement on semiconductors, is avoided by the use of two extra contacts (probes) between the current contacts. In this arrangement the contact resistance may all be high compare to the sample

resistance, but as long as the resistance of the sample and contact resistances are small compared with the effective resistance of the voltage measuring device (potentiometer, electrometer or electronic voltmeter), the measured value will remain unaffected. Because of pressure contacts, the arrangement is also specially useful for quick measurement on different samples or sampling different parts of the same sample.

Description of the experimental set-up

1. Probes Arrangement

It has four individually spring loaded probes. The probes are collinear and equally spaced. The

probes are mounted in a teflon bush, which ensure a good electrical insulation between the probes.

A teflon spacer near the tips is also provided to keep the probes at equal distance. The whole – arrangement is mounted on a suitable stand and leads are provided for the voltage measurement.

2. Sample

Germanium crystal in the form of a chip

3. Oven

It is a small oven for the variation of temperature of the crystal from the room temperature to about

200°C (max.)

4. Four Probe Set-up, DFP-02

The set-up consists of three units in the same cabinet.

(i) Multirange Digital Voltmeter

In this unit, intersil 3½ digit single chip A/D Converter ICL 7107 has been used. It has high accuracy like auto zero to less than 10μV, zero drift of less than 1μV/ °C, input bias current of 10pA max. and roll-over error of less than one count. Since the use of internal reference causes the degradation in performance due to internal heating, an external reference has been used.

SPECIFICATIONS

Range X1 (0-200mV) & X10 (0-2V)

Resolution 100μV at X1 range

Accuracy ±0.1% of reading ±1 digit

Impedance 1MW

Display 3½ digit, 7 segment LED (12.5mm height) with auto polarity and decimal indication Overload Indicator Sign of 1 on the left & blanking of other digits

(ii) Constant Current Generator

It is an IC regulated current generator to provide a constant current to the outer probes irrespective of the changing resistance of the sample due to change in temperatures. The basic scheme is to use the feedback principle to limit the load current of the supply to preset maximum value. Variations in the current are achieved by a potentiometer included for that purpose. The supply is a highly regulated and practically ripple free d.c. source. The current is measured by the digital panel meter.

SPECIFICATIONS

Open Circuit Voltage : 18V

Current range : 0-20mA

Resolution : 10μA

Accuracy:

±0.25% of the reading

±1 digit

Load regulation:

0.03% for 0 to full load

Line Regulation:

0.05% for 10% changes

(iii) Oven Power Supply Suitable voltage for the oven is obtained through a step down transformer with a provision for low and high rates of heating. A glowing LED indicates, when the oven power supply is ‘ON’. The experimental set-upis complete in all respect

Typical results obtained from this set-up are shown in the figure.

Product Details:

Four Probe Set-Up

Resistivity of Semiconductor by Four Probe Method at different

temperatures and determination of the band-gap

The Four Probe Method is one of the standard and most widely used method for the measurement of resistivity. In its useful form, the four probes are collinear. The error due to contact resistance, which is significant in the electrical measurement on semiconductors, is avoided by the use of two extra contacts (probes) between the current contacts. In this arrangement the contact resistance may all be high compare to the sample resistance, but as long as the resistance of the sample and contact resistance's are small compared with the effective resistance of the voltage measuring device (potentiometer, electrometer or electronic voltmeter), the measured value will remain unaffected. Because of pressure contacts, the arrangement is also specially useful for quick measurement on different samples or sampling different parts of the sample.

Description of the experimental set-up

1. Probes Arrangement

It has four individually spring loaded probes. The probes are collinear and equally spaced. The probes are mounted in a teflon bush, which ensure a good electrical insulation between the probes. A teflon spacer near the tips is also provided to keep the probes at equal distance. The probe arrangement is mounted in a suitable stand, which also hold the sample plate. To ensure the correct measurement of sample temperature, the RTD is enbeded in the sample plate just below the sample. This stand also serves as the lid of temperature controlled oven. Proper leads are provided for the current and voltage measurement.

2. SAMPLE

Germanium crystal in the form of a chip.

3. OVEN

This is high quality temperature controlled oven suitable for Four Probe Set-up. The oven has been designed for fast heating and cooling rates, which enhances the effectiveness of the controller.

4. FOUR PROBE SET-UP, DFP-03

The set-up consists of three units housed in the same cabinet.

(i) Oven Controller

Platinum RTD (A class) has been used for sensing the temperature. A wheatstone bridge and an instrumentation amplifier are used for signal conditioning. Feedback circuit ensures offset and linearity trimming and a fast accurate control of the oven temperature.

Specifications of the Oven

Temperature Range : Ambient to 473K

Resolution : 1K

Stability : +0.5K

Measurement Accuracy :+1K(Typical)

Oven : Specially designed for Four Probe Set-Up

Sensor : RTD (A class)

Display : 31/2 digit, 7 segment LED with autopolarity and decimal indication

Power : 150W

(i) Multirange Digital Voltmeter

In this unit, intersil 3½ digit single chip A/D Converter ICL 7107 has been used. It has accuracy, auto

zero to less than 10 μV, zero drift-less than 1 μV/ °C, input bias current of 10 pA and roll over error of less than one count. Since the use of internal reference causes the degradation in performance due to internal heating, an external reference has been used.

Product Details:

 

Hall Effect experiment consists of the following:

(a) Hall Probe (Ge Crystal);

·         Material: Ge single crystal n or p-type

·         Resistivity: 8-10 Ωcm.

·         Contacts: Spring type (solid silver)

·         Zero-field potential:<1mV (adjustable)

·         Hall Voltage: 35-60mV/10mA/KG

(b) Hall Probe (InAs)

·         Contacts: Soldered

·         Rated Control Current: 4mA

·         Zero Field Potential:<4mV

·         Linearity (0-20KG): ±0.5% or better

·         Hall Voltage: 60-70mV/4mA/KG

Hall Effect Set-up (Digital), DHE-21

DHE-21 is a high performance instrument of outstanding flexibility. The set-up consists of a digital millivoltmeter and a constant current power supply. The Hall voltage and probe current can be read on the same digital panel meter through a selector switch. It consists of the following:

(i) Digital Microvoltmeter:

·         Range: 0-200mV (Resolutio 100μV)

·         Accuracy: ±0.1% of reading ±1 digit

·         Impedance: 1Mohm

·         Display: 3½ digit, 7segment LED

(ii) Constant Current Generator:

·         Current: 0-20mA (Resolution 10μA)

·         Display: 3½ digit, 7segment LED

·         Accuracy: 0.25%; ±1 digit

·         Load regulation: 0.03% for 0 to full load

·         Line regulation: 0.05% for 10% variation

Electromagnet, EMU-75 or EMU-50V
Constant Current Power Supply, DPS-175 or DPS-50
Digital Gaussmeter, DGM-102

 

 

Product Details:

 

 

 

Features:

Perfect finish

Safe to use

Easy maintenance

 The apparatus consists of the following:

a) Hall Probe-Silver (HP-Ag):

Material: Silver Strip (8 x 6 x 0.05 mm)

Contacts: Press type for current

Spring Type for Voltage

Hall Voltage: ~17 µV/10A/10KG

b) Hall Probe-Tungsten (HP-W):

Material: Tungsten Strip (8 x 6 x 0.05 mm)

Contacts: Press type for current

Spring Type for Voltage

Hall Voltage: ~15 µV/10A/10KG

c) High Current Power Supply, Model PS-20A:

Range: 0-20A continuously variable

Accuracy: ±0.5%

Regulation: ±0.5% for ±10% variation of mains

Display: 3½ digit, 7 Segment LED

d) Digital Microvoltmeter, DMV-001:

Range: 1mV, 10mV, 100mV, 1V & 10V with 100% over-ranging.

Resolution: 1μV.

Accuracy: ±0.2%.

Stability: Within ±1 digit.

Input Impedance: >1000MΩ (10MΩ on 10V range).

Display: 3½ digit, 7 segment LED with auto .polarity and decimal indication

e) Electromagnet, Model EMU-75T:

 

Pole Pieces: 75mm tappered to 25mm

Mag. Field: 17KG ±5% at 10mm airgap

Energising Coils: Two of approx. 13W each

Power: 0-90Vdc, 3A, for coils in series

0-45Vdc, 6A, for coils in parallel

f) Constant Current Power Supply, Model DPS-175 

g) Gaussmeter, DGM-202

 

 

 

 

Product Details:

The experiment consists of two coils, Constant Current Power Supply and Gaussmeter. The Gaussmeter probe is mounted on a rail with a scale. It can move smoothly and precisely for measurement of magnetic field along the centre of the coils.

The following studies on Biot Savart’s law can be carried out with the set-up:

1. Study of magnetic field due to one coil and calculation of its diameter.

2. Study of Principal of super-imposition of magnetic field due to 2 coils by keeping the distance between the coils at a, >a and

3. Variation of magnetic field with number of turns in the coil.

Legend:

Line 1 - Magnetic Profile when the distance between the coils is >a

Line 2 - Magnetic Profile when the distance between coils is =a

Line 3 - Magnetic Profile when the distance between coils is

Apparatus consists of the following:-

1. Digital Gaussmeter

 

Range: 0-200

Resolution: 0.1G

Accuracy: + 0.5%

Display: 3½ digit 7 segment LED with autopolarity.

2. Two Coil

Diameter: 200mm

Number of turn: 1000

3. Constant Current Power Supply

Current: 0-0.5A Smoothly adjustable

Line Regulato  0.2%for 10% mains variation.

Load Regulator:  0.2 % for 0 to full load

Display: 3½ digit 7 Segment LED Display

Protection: Against overload/ short current.

Product Details:

Measurement of Magnetoresistance of Semiconductors

Measurement of Magnetoresistance of Semiconductors

It is noticed that the resistance of the sample changes when the magnetic field is turned on. The phenomenon, called magnetoresistance, is due to the

fact that the drift velocity of all carriers is not same. With the magnetic field on; the Hall voltage V=E t=|vx y H| compensates exactly the Lorentz force for carriers with the average velocity; slower carriers will be over

compensated and faster one under compensated, resulting in trajectories that are not along the applied field. This results in an effective decrease of the mean free path and hence an increase in resistivity. Here the above referred symbols are defines as: v = drift velocity; E = applied electric field; t = thickness of the crystal; H = Magnetic field.

Experimentental Set-up for Magnetoresistance

The set-up consists of the following:

1. Four probe arrangement

2. Sample: (Ge: p-type)

3. Magnetoresistance set-up, DMR-01

4. Electromagnet, EMU-50V

5. Constant Current Power Supply, DPS-50

6. Digital Gaussmeter, DGM-102

(1) Four Probe arrangement°

It consists of 4 collinear, equally spaced (2mm) and individually

spring loaded probes mounted on a PCB strip. Two outer probes for

supplying the constant current to the sample and two inner probes

for measuring the voltage developed across these probes This

eliminates the error due to contact resistance which is particularly

serious in semiconductors A platform is also provided for placing the

sample and mounting the Four Probes on It.

(2) Sample

Ge Crystal (n-type) dimensions: 10 x 10 x 0.5mm.

(3) Magnetoresistance Set-up, Model DMR-01

This unit consists of a digital millivoltmeter and constant current

power supply The voltage and probe current can be read on the same

digital panel meter through a selector switch.

(a) Digital Millivoltmeter

lntersil 3½ digit single chip ICL 7107 have been used. Since the use of

internal reference causes the degradation in performance due to

internal heating an external reference have been used. Digital

voltmeter is much more convenient to use, because the input voltage

of either polarity can be measured.

Specifications

Range : 0-200mV (100μV minimum)

Accuracy : ±0.1% of reading ± 1 digit

(b) Constant Current Power Supply

This power supply, specially designed for Hall Probe, provides

100% protection against crystal burn-out due to excessive

current. The supply is a highly regulated and practically ripple

free dc source.

Specifications

Current : 0-20mA

Resolution : 10μA

Accuracy : ±0.2% of the reading ±1 digit

Load regulated : 0.03% for 0 to full load

Line regulation : 0.05% for 10% variation

The details of other sub-units can be had from their respective data-sheets.

Product Details:

 

Measures True RMS Voltage

Accuracy 1%

High Input Impedance

High Stablility

Excellent Linearity

ACM-102: True RMS A.C. Millivoltmeter, ACM-102 is based on AD536. This is a completely monolithic integrated circuit which performs true rms-to-dc conversion of any waveform. The true rms value of a waveform is more useful quantity than average rectified value, since it relates directly to the power of the signal. The crest factor compensation scheme of the AD536 allows measurement of highly complex signals with wide dynamic range. The crest factor is often overlooked in determining the accuracy of an ac measurement. Crest factor is defined as the ratio of the peak signal amplitude to the rms value of the signal (C.F.=Vp/Vrms). Input signal is appropriately processed through a FET input wide band, extremely fast settling time, low noise amplifier.

ACM-103: In model ACM-103 besides all features of ACM-102, an IC based 1KHz oscillator followed by a buffer, is in-built. This eliminate the need of an external oscillator for purpose, such as determination of h-parameters of a transistor, bridge measurement etc., where spot frequency of 1KHz is most commonly used.

Specifications

Voltage Range 20mV, 200mV, 2V and 20V

Frequency Range 10Hz to 200KHz

Input Impedance 1MW shunted by 25pf on all ranges

Accuracy 1% in the range 10Hz-100KHz; 2% in the range 100KHz-200KHz

Display 3½ digit, 7 segment LED (12.5mm height) with decimal and overflow indication

Power Supply 220V ±10%, 50Hz

Weight 2.5Kg & 3Kg

Accessories 75cm shielded cable with a coaxial connector at one end and banana plugs on

the other end

ACM-103 (Additional Features)

Oscillator Output 0-300mV continuously variable

Frequency 1KHz fixed

 

Product Details:

 

Introduction

Small ovens are frequently used in class room experiments for the determination o f t e m p e r a t u r e c o e f fi c i e n t s o f resistances, capacitances, zener diodes, and also for studying the leakage currents of semiconductor devices at various temperatures. Conventional arrangement with oven fed from an auto transformer and thermometer type t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t i s unsatisfactory due to the long time it takes the oven to heat or cool, large time constant of mercury thermometers and difficulty in setting and maintaining a particular temperature.

Description

The unit is a high quality PID controller wherein the temperatures can be set and controlled easily. The P, I and D parameters are factory set for immediate use however the user may adjust these for specific applications as well as auto-tune the oven whenever required. The steps for these are given in the user manual. The controller can be used for both small oven, up to 200°C or a larger oven up to 600°C. The controller uses thermocouple as temperature sensor.

Specifications Of The Oven Controller

The controller is designed around Autonics Temperature Controller Model TZN4S. Although this is a very versatile piece of equipment, below is a summary of the specifications that are relevant to the present application.

Temperature Range : Ambient to 600°C

Power Supply : 00-240VAC; 50/60Hz

Display Method : 7 Segment LED display [Process value

(PV):Red, Set value (SV):Green]

Input Sensor : Thermocouple (Chromel - Alumel)

Control Method : PID, PIDF, PIDS

Display Accuracy : ±0.3%

Setting Type : Setting by front push bottons

Proportional Band (P) : 0 to 100.0%

Integral Time (I) : 0 to 3600 Sec

Derivative Time (D) : 0 to 3600 Sec

Control Time (T) : 1 to 120 Sec

Sampling Time : 0.5 Sec

Setting (P, I & D) : Manual / Auto-tuned

 

Product Details:

Study of Dielectric Constant and Curie Temperature of Ferroelectric Ceramics

Dielectric or electrical insulating material are understood as the material in which electrostic field can persist for long times. Layers of such substance are commonly inserted into capacitors to improve their perfomance, and the term dielectric refers specifically to this application. An electric field polarizes the molecules of dielectric producing concentrations of charge on its surface that create an electric field opposed (antiparallel) to that of capacitor. This reduces the electric potential. Considered in reverse, this means that, with a dielectric, a given electric potential causes the capacitor to

accumulate a larger charge.

Applications

Beside the common and well known application of capacitors in electrical and electronic circuits, the capacitors with an exposed and porous dielectric can be used to measure humidity in air.

A huge leap in the research on dielectric (ferroelectric materials) came in 1950’s, leading to the wide spread use of Barium Titanate (BaTiO3-Perovskite Structure) based ceramics in capacitor applications and piezoelectric transducer devices. Since then, many other ferroelectric ceramics have been developed and utilized for variety of applications: various type of capacitors, non volatile memories in computers, etc.

Perovskite Structure

Perovskite is family name of a group of materials and the mineral name of calcium titanate (CaTiO3) having a structure of the type ABO3 (Fig 1)

A practical advantage of perovskite structure is that many different cations can be substituted on both A and B sites without changing the over all structure. Even though two cations

are compatible in solution, their behaviour can be radically different when apart from each other. Thus it is possible to manipulate material’s properties such as Curie temperature or

dielectric constant with only a small substitution of given cation

 

All ferroelectric material have a transition called the Curie point (Tc). At T>Tc, the crystal does not exhibit ferroelectricity, while for T

Fig 2 shows the variation of dielectric constant (e) with temperature for Lanthanum doped Lead Zirconate Titanate (PLZT) ceramic, which is cooled from its paraelectric cubic phase to ferroelectric rhombohedral phase.

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Study of Thermoluminescence in alkali halide crystals need creation of F-centres (colour centres) in alkali halide crystals. To produce the F-centres, the crystals are exposed to ionizing radiation which in turn causes the loss of electron from halide ions. An electron then becomes trapped in the halide ion vacancy. The color is the result of the absorption of a photon by the trapped electron and excitation from the ground state to an excited state for the F-center. This is a classic case of particle in a box. 

The source of ionizing radiation could be X-rays, electrons, gamma rays etc. These techniques are too Expensive and unaffordable for normal laboratories. Another method, although little less efficient, is by keeping Alkali halide crystals under low pressure, in the proximity of high Voltage. This in turn produces F-centres in the crystals.

This later technique has been adopted in this set up to make it economical and affordable for all laboratories. The setup is complete in itself and can be used straight away.

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Zeeman Effect Experiment

Description of the Experimental Set-up

Experimentental Set-up for Zeeman

Experiment

The set-up consists of the following:

1. High Resolution Fabry Perot Etalon, FP-01

2. Mercury Discharge Tube, MT-01 (Low Pressure Mercury Discharge Tube)

3. Power Supply for MT-01, ZPS-02 (High Voltage Power Supply for Discharge Tube)

4. Narrow Band Interference Filter, IF-01

·        Central Wave Length: 546nm

·        Tmax: 74%

·        HBW: 8nm

5. Polarizer with lens, PL-01

6. Optical Bench: OB-01

7. CCD Camera: CAM-700 (High Resolution CCD Camera)

8. Telescope with Focussing Lens: FL-01

9. Monitor 17”: TV-17

10. Electromagnet, EMU-50T (Specifications as per datasheet)

11. Constant Current Power Supply, DPS-50 (Specifications as per datasheet)

12. Digital Gaussmeter, DGM-

102 (Specifications as per datasheet) The experimental set-up is complete in all respect.

Result

The interference pattern is in

the form of circular rings. These

are split when the magnetic

field is switched on. The amount

of splitting depends on the

external magnetic field, charge

to mass ratio of electron and

L a n d e ‘s g - f a c t o rs o f t h e

e l e c t r o n i c e n e r g y l e v e l s

involved in the transition. These

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Size: 337x167x143mm
Net Weight: About 1434g
Parts Quantity: 230PCS
Battery: 500mAH Li Battery (Included)
Material: Aluminium Alloy
Voltage: 5V
Charge Time: 40mins

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